Gems, corundum, Burma.12, gold, silver, diamond

A popular survey of mining throughout the world, written for the general reader and describing the extraction of gold, silver, diamonds, coal, iron, copper, tin, mercury and other mineral resources. Of particular gemological interest is Chapter XXII, “The Burma Ruby Mines” (pp. 358–366), which summarizes the history of the Mogok ruby district and the methods then employed to recover rubies from the gem-bearing gravels. Williams describes both traditional workings and the more organized operations of the Burma Ruby Mines, Limited, including excavation, washing and sorting of the ruby-bearing material. The chapter provides a useful contemporary overview of Mogok at the beginning of the twentieth century and places ruby mining alongside the major mining industries of the period. The book is illustrated with 24 plates and is valuable as a readily accessible contemporary account of mining technology and practice worldwide.

India, Asia, travel, gems

An edited account of John Jourdain’s travels during the English East India Company’s Fourth Voyage, describing his experiences between 1608 and 1617 in Arabia, India and the Malay Archipelago. Jourdain records local geography, customs, political conditions and, above all, the commodities and trading practices encountered at ports and commercial centers along his route. Of gemological interest is his description of a mountain near Sana’a where cat’s-eyes, agates, bloodstones and other stones “of better value” were found, and his account of Mocha as a major entrepôt receiving “precious stones of all sorts” from Indian shipping, which were purchased by merchants connected with Cairo and subsequently carried into the Mediterranean and Ottoman trading network. He also notes that the country associated with Dabhol produced diamonds in “great store of the new rock,” together with other stones of lesser value. Beyond these specific references, the journal provides valuable firsthand evidence for the commercial routes linking western India, Arabia and Southeast Asia during the formative years of English participation in the Asian trade. Foster’s edition includes extensive historical notes, contemporary supplementary narratives, maps and a bibliography.

corundum, Burma.12, India.12, Kashmir.12, quality.10, gems

Holland reviews the mineral production of India from 1898 to 1903, summarizing the principal mineral industries and changes in output and value during the period. Of particular gemological interest are his discussions of precious stones, including diamonds, rubies, sapphires, and other gem materials. The ruby industry of Upper Burma receives attention, with production centered on the Mogok Stone Tract and conducted both through organized mining enterprises and native workings; Holland comments on production, values, and the difficulties of assessing an industry in which much material passed through private channels. Sapphire production in Kashmir is also discussed, including the famous deposits and their comparatively limited and irregular output. Diamond production remained small and was derived chiefly from traditional Indian workings. The review provides useful contemporary statistical and economic information on India’s gem-mining industries at the beginning of the twentieth century and places them within the broader mineral economy of British India.

corundum, India.12, Burma.12, Tajikistan.12, Sri Lanka.12, history.1, jade, gems

One of the most fascinating books about the Orient ever written. If you’ve ever wondered about the derivation of words like “pajamas,” “assassins” or “looters,” this is the book for you. A total classic and now quite scarce. A celebrated historical and etymological glossary of Anglo-Indian words, place names, and expressions, drawing extensively on early European and Asian travel literature. Of particular gemological interest are entries tracing the terminology and geography of the Asian gem trade. “Balass” is identified as the rose-red spinel and derived from Balakhshī/Badakhshī, referring to the celebrated spinel-producing region of Badakhshan on the upper Oxus; quotations from Ibn Battuta, Clavijo, Barbosa, Frederick, Hawkins, Fryer, and others document the term’s changing forms and usage. “Capelan” preserves early European accounts of the Burmese ruby-mining region, with quotations from Ca’ Masser, Varthema, Barbosa, and Tavernier showing the confused geographical knowledge surrounding the sources of Pegu and Ava rubies; the editors associate the name tentatively with the Mogok-area mines. The entry on “Corundum” discusses the Indian origin of the word, comparing Hindustani, Deccani, Telugu, Tamil, and Sanskrit forms and noting its historical use for non-gem corundum. Other entries on Ava, Ceylon, Coromandel, and Tenasserim provide detailed historical geography valuable for interpreting early accounts of the Southeast Asian gem trade; notably, Ceylon is discussed as the ancient Ratnadvīpa, “Isle of Gems,” and in Arabic tradition as an “Isle of Rubies.” The work remains an important source for understanding how gem names, mining localities, and trade terminology were transmitted and often distorted in European literature on India and Southeast Asia.

gems, turquoise, Iran, Persia, Nishapur

Stuart devotes much of his chapter on Meshed and Bushire to a detailed description of the Nishapur turquoise mines, drawing explicitly on information supplied by General Schindler. He locates the mines in the Bâr-i-Meidan district northwest of Nishapur and describes their geography, villages, population, individual workings, mining conditions, production, classification, cutting, valuation, and trade. Numerous named mines are discussed, including workings that were dangerous, flooded, poorly ventilated, collapsed, or exhausted, together with differences in the quality and color stability of their turquoise. Of particular gemological interest is his description of material from the Sar-i-Reîsh and Anjîrî mines, which could possess an attractive color while moist but faded on drying, becoming greenish, spotted, or eventually nearly white. Such stones were reportedly shipped to Europe in damp earthenware vessels, and Stuart attributes declining European confidence in turquoise and falling prices partly to the influx of this unstable material. He contrasts these deposits with the Khâkî workings in accumulated mine debris and alluvium, which were then producing many of the finest stones, including valuable ring-quality turquoise. Mining employed picks, crowbars, and increasingly gunpowder, although blasting was considered detrimental because it shattered turquoise that older hand-working methods might have recovered intact. Stuart gives an unusually detailed contemporary classification of Nishapur turquoise into three commercial categories: Angushtarî, comprising fine, stable-colored stones suitable for rings and sold individually; Bârkhaneh, divided into grades and sold by weight; and Arabî, encompassing inferior pale, greenish, spotted, or otherwise undesirable material. Deep sky blue was most prized, but value also depended upon shape, freedom from flaws, permanence of color, and an indefinable quality termed zât, which Stuart compares with the “water” of a diamond or the luster of a pearl. He describes several traditional cuts, including the high peikânî form reserved for fine deep-colored stones, cabochons, and flat slabs, and notes the practice of disguising flaws in large stones with gold scrollwork or strategically positioned inscriptions. The account also traces the commercial chain from miners through village Rîsh-i-Safîds and commission agents to Meshed dealers and ultimately European markets, particularly Moscow, showing how a stone could increase enormously in value after cutting and successive resale. Annual production from the mines, mountains, and surface diggings is estimated at 25,000 tomans at mine value, perhaps tripling by the time the turquoise reached its final purchasers. Stuart’s chapter thus provides an exceptionally detailed early twentieth-century account of Nishapur turquoise mining, quality grading, color stability, cutting, valuation, marketing, and the economic organization of the trade.

gems, history of gemology, gem prices

Legg and Hope publish and annotate inventories relating to Christ Church, Canterbury, accompanied by historical and topographical introductions and supporting documents. The records describe the cathedral’s ecclesiastical possessions, including vestments, plate, reliquaries, ornaments, and other treasures, preserving detailed evidence for their materials, decoration, and use. Of particular gemological interest are references to jewels and precious stones set in liturgical and ceremonial objects, providing documentary evidence for the use and terminology of gems in medieval English ecclesiastical treasures.

travel, India, Asia, gems, Indian lapidary

An English translation of portions of Pedro Teixeira’s Relaciones, combining his own travels with his historical accounts of the kings of Hormuz and Persia. Teixeira, a Portuguese traveller active around 1600, journeyed extensively through India and the Persian Gulf and later returned to Europe overland by way of Basra, Baghdad, Aleppo and the Mediterranean. Of particular gemological importance is his detailed description of the Bahrain pearl fishery, which he observed firsthand. He records that fishing normally began in July and continued through August, involving a fleet of roughly 200 vessels from Bahrain, Julfar and Nihhelu, with much of the fishing conducted near Qatar. Oysters were opened immediately after recovery and the pearls removed; Teixeira considered the pearls of the Persian Gulf superior in quality and weight to those from other regions. His descriptions provide valuable early evidence for the organization, geography and commercial importance of Gulf pearling and for Hormuz’s role as an entrepôt linking the trade of Persia, Arabia and India. The volume also contains historical material on the rulers of Hormuz and Persia and extensive editorial notes placing Teixeira’s observations within the broader literature of early European travel in Asia.

corundum, quality.10, gems

Sinkankas: Tassin’s work is considerably more than a catalogue, amounting to a compact treatise on gemology. It opens with the general properties of gemstones, followed by an extensive alphabetical account of individual gems and varieties with brief notes on their characteristics. Further sections provide identification tables based on color and optical effects, a glossary of gem names, discussions of lapidary work and manufactured gemstones, and substantial treatments of gems mentioned in the Bible and of traditional gem lore, making the book a useful guide to ancient and historical gem literature. Only in the ninth section does Tassin present the catalogue proper, describing the Isaac Lea gem collection with dimensions, color, weight and provenance. The volume concludes with a large bibliography, apparently derived from or expanded beyond Harry Emanuel’s earlier work, though it contains incomplete citations, missing pagination and numerous errors.

gems, jade, jadeite, fei cui, Mesoamerica, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mayans, Olmecs, Aztecs, archaeology, history, archaeogemology, Pre-Columbian jade; Costa Rica; Maya; exchange; iconography, lapidary, agate, onyx, quartz, chalcedony

In making vessels from stone, the ancient Mexicans attained a high degree of proficiency, judging from the few specimens that have been preserved in museums and private collections. The most remarkable are those made from obsidian and onyx. Some of the finest examples are housed in the National Museum in Mexico City. These vessels are sometimes plain, unadorned cups, but more often incorporate representations of animals, with the head and limbs projecting from the body of the vessel. One notable example in the museum is carved from brilliantly polished obsidian and depicts a crouching monkey, its arms hanging from a hoop carved around the rim. The same museum also possesses an unfinished vessel carved from onyx. Hollowed out but not yet polished, it represents an animal similar to that depicted on the example described and illustrated from the present collection. Such vessels were carved from a single solid block of stone, leaving walls of varying thickness, averaging about 5 mm around the sides. In most cases they are finely finished and highly polished.

corundum, Burma.12, jadeite, fei cui, jade, gems

Scott and Hardiman’s Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States provides an extensive geographical, historical, administrative, ethnographic, and economic survey of Upper Burma and the Shan States at the beginning of the twentieth century. Of particular gemological importance are the sections on geology and economic mineralogy and the detailed account of Mogok, including information on the region’s mineral resources, ruby and other gemstone deposits, mining localities, methods of extraction, and the organization and economic significance of the gem industry. The work preserves valuable contemporary observations on the celebrated Mogok ruby-mining district and provides important historical context for the exploitation and trade of Burmese gemstones under British colonial administration.