gems, glyptic, engraved gems, agate, cameo, intaglio, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan

Archaeological discoveries over the last two decades have confirmed the existence of an ancient Eastern-type culture in southern Bactria (modern northern Afghanistan) and Margiana (modern eastern Turkmenistan) during the second millennium B.C. The unique archaeological materials associated with the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex primarily originate from tribes sharing a common ancestry. This culture is most notably represented through seals and amulets, often adorned with intricate mythological designs. Analysis of these distinctive artifacts reveals that, despite its originality, the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex shares clear parallels with the seals and amulets of neighboring regions, particularly Iran (notably Elam) and Mesopotamia.