gems, jade, Central Asia, nephrite, Khotan, Hetian

One of the most intriguing products in history is jade. This very rare stone was not only an expensive luxury item but also used in rituals and medical treatments. Taken by rulers as tribute and tax, it was considered the most valuable trade commodity. The fact that jade, which spread from China to Europe in the early period, is a product of Turkestan is still not properly understood. Throughout the history of ancient Asia and Europe, East Turkestan, especially Khoten, was the source of authentic—and highest quality—jade. However, records also exist in the oldest primary sources describing other regions. In my article, I will try to examine the course of jade in Turkish history based mainly on Chinese sources.