gems, beryl, emerald, Pakistan, emerald inclusions, emerald spectroscopy

In this paper, the inclusions and the structural water in the microchannel in emeralds from Pakistan were investigated by using optical microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analyzer (EPMA). The emeralds from Pakistan contain type I and type II waters. The infrared spectra show that the intensity of water type II (5270, 3600, 1632 cm⁻¹) is much stronger than water type I (1600 cm⁻¹). Most of the multiphasic inclusions in these emeralds are of biphasic elongated shape or are “neck-licking” inclusions, which consist of liquid (H₂O) and gas, including carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) + nitrogen (N₂) + methane (CH₄). The main solid inclusions are magnesite, dolomite, muscovite, and quartz. These inclusions and infrared spectra contribute to distinguishing Pakistani emeralds from emeralds of other origins.