gems, diamond, Metamorphic diamond, Ultrahigh pressure, Edough Massif, Algerian basin, Western Mediterranean, Algeria, North Africa

We report for the first time the discovery of diamond inclusions (5–30μm in size), identified by Raman spectroscopy and the characteristic sharp band at 1332cm−1 for crystalline diamond, in a garnet megacryst (≥5cm) from the Edough Massif (NE Algeria). The garnet is adjacent to actinolite and ultramafic boudins and slices of marbles that are inserted within a major mylonite–ultramylonite band. This tectonic contact sharply delineates the Kef Lakhal oceanic unit from the granite-gneiss core below. The host garnet is almandine-dominant and is rich in exsolution of acicular rutile needles. Major and trace elements show a gradual but significant zonation from core to rim, and a sharp increase in grossular component in the rim. Trace element analyses of prismatic rutile inclusions up to 300μm in size indicate that the host metamorphic rock was a mafic protolith of MORB affinity. The Zr-in-rutile thermometry indicates a temperature range of 724–778°C that we relate to rutile growth, either during prograde metamorphism or under peak UHP metamorphic conditions of ≥3.6GPa that were reached during subduction of the UHP-rock precursors. We suggest that the mafic protolith originates from the subducted retreating Calabrian branch of the Tethyan slab, that broke or tore, and which fragments were dragged upward and thrust onto the North African margin along with the Kef Lakhal unit, shortly followed by formation of the Edough dome and opening of the Algerian basin.