gems, engraved gems, glyptic, jade

King presents an extensive study of ancient engraved gems and finger rings, principally of Greek, Etruscan, and Roman origin, combining archaeological, historical, artistic, and gemological information. He discusses the materials used by ancient engravers—including carnelian, sard, chalcedony, jasper, agate, amethyst, garnet, emerald, sapphire, and other stones—the techniques of engraving and polishing, forms and construction of rings, and the identification and dating of intaglios and cameos. Considerable attention is given to subjects represented on gems, including deities, portraits, mythological scenes, animals, symbols, inscriptions, and magical devices, as well as to their use as seals, ornaments, amulets, and signet rings. King also examines ancient literary sources concerning precious stones, notable collections and individual gems, later imitations and forgeries, and the reuse of classical gems in subsequent periods. The work is an important nineteenth-century synthesis of glyptic art and remains valuable for its detailed observations on engraved gemstones, their materials, manufacture, iconography, and historical use.