gems, jade, fei cui, pyroxene jade, jadeite, Myanmar, Burma, Guatemala, Italy

Twenty-seven samples of high-quality green jadeite–omphacite jade from Myanmar, Guatemala, and Italy were characterized to develop a methodology for geographic origin determination and to establish a workflow suitable for commercial gemmological laboratories. The specimens were analyzed using UV-Vis-NIR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy, as well as EDXRF and LA-ICP-MS chemical analysis. Statistical processing was applied to compare features and identify discriminant factors. This integrated approach yielded promising and practical results for distinguishing jadeite–omphacite jade from these localities. The most useful elements measured by EDXRF were Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni, while those identified by LA-ICP-MS were Sc, V, Zn, and Au. For origin determination, LA-ICP-MS provided excellent differentiation power (100% separation rate), and the other four methods individually demonstrated varying separation power (≥67%). The combination of spectroscopic methods with EDXRF chemical analysis effectively compensates for the limitations of each individual technique.