gems, beryl, emerald, Afghanistan, Egypt, Colombia, history of gemology, Central Asia, China, Tajikistan, Pakistan

Although the emerald deposits in India and the Himalayas were not officially discovered before the 20th century, recent gemological analyses conducted by the LFG (French Gemological Laboratory) on emeralds from historical jewelry dating back to the 16th century have shown that they correspond to the characteristics of the Swat deposits (Pakistan). This discovery is consistent with ancient gemological literature, which, since Theophrastus (4th century BCE), mentions the Himalayas as a source of emeralds. This interdisciplinary article explores the methodological difficulties inherent in historical gemology and highlights the importance of scientific gemology for art history and archaeology.