gems, jade, jadeite, fei cui, Mesoamerica, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mayans, Olmecs, Aztecs, archaeology, history, archaeogemology

Beginning in the thirteenth century BC, the Olmec of southern Veracruz and Tabasco created sculptural forms that were revolutionary in the New World. They not only carved multi-ton public monuments of basalt; they also made jade objects, the first well-documented instance in the Americas of the working of this refractory stone. The art of the Olmec is profoundly serious, rational, and “great” art, and is in no way derivative. To anyone who has seen and held Olmec jades, their unusual artistic excellence is immediately apparent: in the grace, restraint, and decorum of their lines; in their logarithmic curves and smooth, closed forms. Olmec jades are tactile as well as visual objects because of the extremely high polish with which they were finished. (The ancient Chinese had a term for this quality of jade: pa wan; literally, “hold and enjoy.”) The word jade derives from the Spanish piedra de ijada (“stone of the side”), for the stone was believed to have curative powers for liver ailments and pains in the side. Today, the word jade is a general term encompassing two varieties of stone: nephrite and jadeite. This chapter uses jade and jadeite interchangeably.