gems, jade, jadeite, fei cui, Mesoamerica, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mayans, Olmecs, Aztecs, archaeology, history, archaeogemology, Pre-Columbian jade; Costa Rica; Maya; exchange; iconography, lapidary, adhesives, natural adhesives, turquoise, feather

The overarching goal of this project is to advance scientific understanding of the technology involved in the production of ancient Mesoamerican mosaics. Central to this investigation is the role of proper adhesives and their uses in bonding different types of materials (such as feathers to paper or stone to wood). This experimental study focusing on the adhesives (from orchid gums to copal, pine resin and beeswax) resulted in a refined assessment of technical qualities such as relative adhesive strengths, ease of production, transparency/opaqueness and length of set-up" time. Furthermore, an understanding of these qualities leads to broader issues regarding labor arrangements in mosaic production, trade and exchange, and ecological considerations."