gems, spinel, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, balas ruby, Kuh-i-Lal, geology, Pamir, clinohumite, ruby, sapphire, corundum, Tajikistan.12, lapis lazuli, lazurite, rock crystal, quartz, iolite, cordierite, scapolite, Nuristan

The authors present original data on discovering gem deposits in the Pamirs beginning in the 7th century. The Pamirs gems have a long history going back to the early Middle Ages, and the discoveries made during recent decades are evidence of great riches hidden deep within the Pamirs. The problems of discovering all the main deposits in the region are discussed. An exceptional paper.