gems, corundum, Burma.12, Mogok, colonialism, politics, mining regulations, ruby, ruby mining

Historical review of the development of ruby and sapphire mining in the Mogok Stone Tract following the British occupation of Mogok in 1886 and enactment of the Upper Burma Ruby Regulation (XII of 1887). Based principally on J.G. Halford-Watkins’ 1936 company report, Ruby Mining in Burma, the paper explains how the Regulation empowered the government to define Stone Tracts and regulate the mining, cutting, possession, purchase, sale and transport of precious stones. It traces the early concessions to G.S. Streeter and his associates and the subsequent operations of Burma Ruby Mines Ltd., including attempts to mechanize the treatment of the ruby-bearing gravel (byon), unsuccessful tunnelling at Pingu-Taung, and the eventual development of large-scale open workings using pumping, gravel washing, tramways and hydroelectric power. Particular attention is given to A.H. Morgan’s successful solution to the severe drainage problems of the valley deposits and the later construction of the major Mogok drainage tunnel. Production and financial figures document the changing fortunes of mines at Mogok, Kyatpyin, Panma, Kathe, Kyaungdwin and other localities, including the severe collapse of the gem market following the 1907 financial crisis. Notable finds include the 42-carat rough “Peace Ruby,” subsequently cut to 23 carats; a 200-carat deep-colored but included sapphire from Kyaungdwin; and a reported 3,000-carat sapphire from the Khabine Valley. The paper also describes the continued participation of indigenous miners under licensing and tribute arrangements and concludes with Halford-Watkins’ assessment of the remaining gem-bearing ground. Two concluding tables compile historical published reports of ruby, sapphire, spinel and numerous other gem and mineral species occurring in Burma/Myanmar.