gems, beryl, emerald, Egypt

A popular survey of the earth’s mineral and metallic resources, including a substantial chapter on emerald and beryl. The emerald section opens with ancient traditions concerning the gem, including Marbodus, Pliny, and the legendary griffins and Arimaspians, before discussing evidence that true emerald was known in antiquity. Particular attention is given to the Egyptian emerald mines between the Nile and Red Sea and Cailliaud’s exploration of the ancient workings at Mount Zaharah, including his descent into the mines and discovery of emerald crystals in mica-bearing rocks. The authors then discuss the physical properties, varieties, value, cutting, and notable specimens of emerald, together with ancient accounts of its supposed beneficial effect on eyesight and Nero’s reputed use of an emerald to view gladiatorial contests. Colombian (“Peruvian”) emeralds from near Santa Fé de Bogotá are described as the most highly regarded contemporary material, with additional occurrences noted in the Urals, Salzburg, and Ceylon. The chapter concludes with a discussion of beryl and its relationship to emerald, including aquamarine and blue, greenish-yellow, yellow, and colorless varieties, their properties, sources, historical uses, and notable specimens.