Burma

  • Book | Halford-Watkins | Book of Ruby & Sapphire | 2012

    The Book of Ruby & Sapphire by J.F. Halford-Watkins

    The Book of Ruby and Sapphire

    J.F. Halford-Watkins  |  2012

    Prior to the 1930s, ruby and sapphire were mysteries, arcane gems oft-confused with spinel and other look-alikes. Enter Col. J.F. Halford-Watkins. Living in Mogok for more than two decades, he penned several articles and an entire monograph on the subject of these rare gems. Sadly he passed away before it could be published. In 1994, Richard Hughes came across a reference to the manuscript. Patrick Streeter, grandson of G. Skelton Streeter, and great grandson of the famed London jeweler, Edwin Streeter, had mentioned the Halford-Watkins manuscript while writing his book, Streeter of Bond Street. Following up on that obscure reference Richard Hughes stumbled upon something truly fantastic, an undiscovered treasure of the gemological literature. Over ten years in the making, The Book of Ruby and Sapphire  is the realization of Halford-Watkins’ vision. Professionally edited and illustrated, it represents a gemological tour de force.

    Still in Print. To order this book click this link

  • Book | Inside Out | Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses | Order Page

    Inside Out • Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses • Book Order Page • Lotus Gemology

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Introducing…

    Inside Out: GEM•ology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    by

    E. Billie Hughes  |  Richard W. Hughes  |  Wimon Manorotkul

    with a foreword by Paolo Minieri

    Chinese translation by Jason C.H. Kao (高嘉兴), with Jinding Yu (俞瑾玎) and Bonnie Chao (晁艳)

    From the dawn of time, precious stones have both attracted and fascinated humans in ways that few other items could. For while objects of desire are found throughout the natural world, physical beauty is too often ephemeral. From the allure of a man, woman, flower or butterfly, through the fleeting moments of a sunset, there is little that lasts and practically nothing that can be passed down to our descendants. The exception is precious stones. Not only are they the most durable creations of Mother Nature, but their visual splendor is truly eternal.

    This book presents a completely fresh approach to the subject. Dubbing it humanistic gemology, the authors take readers around the world, showing the places they have explored in their search for gems, along with the people and cultures encountered along the way.

    Within this volume, remarkable photographs of the human world are interwoven with images of the microscopic realm of the gems themselves. In a lifetime beset by time control, where living is broken into ever smaller bits, as you browse through these pages suddenly you plunge into a domain of frozen time, one that affords vistas of millions or even billions of years. For jewels offer not just superficial beauty, but a window on the primordial forces that birthed both our planet and universe.

    Inside Out – Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses represents a fascinating new direction for gemology, linking the external and internal worlds of precious stones for the first time. 

    Published 2020; Now shipping

    Standard Edition – Hardcover
    Price: Thai Baht 3000 + Shipping & Handling

    International Shipping & Handling from Thailand
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    Hardcover with Dust Jacket
    152 pages; 270 x 360 mm (10.6 x 14.2 inches); 2.5 kg shipping weight
    Full Color Throughout  |  Bilingual text in English & Simplified Chinese

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    Title Page

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses – Title Page

    Introduction

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Sample Interior Spreads

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Inside Out: Gemology Through Lotus-Colored Glasses

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Index

     

    A few comments from reviewers…

    I am doubtless readers both inside and outside of the gem trade will enthusiastically welcome Inside Out. Buy it, read it, give it away. I am fully confident you will be satisfied, ingratiated and inspired.
    Jeffery Bergman – InColor Magazine
    This book fills a gap in the literature on gems by pictorially exploring the relationship between humans and gems on an artistic and emotional level. It is a work of art that lives from the quality of the photographs and gets by with minimal textual commentary on the images.
    Michael Hügi – Journal of Gemmology
    Inside Out is a truly stunning work reflecting the combnied personalities, skills, knowledge and philosophy of the authors, who have created something exceptional and innovative for the world of gemmology.
    Terry Coldham – Australian Gemmologist
  • Book | Jade | A Gemologist's Guide | Limited Edition Order Page

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Cover small

    Thank you for reserving

    Jade • A Gemologist's Guide
    Limited Edition

    To proceed with your order, please select your shipping destination below.

    This page is for clients that reserved single copies of the limited edition book. Please only add one copy of the limited edition to your cart.

    Book + Shipping (select destination below)

  • Book | Jade | A Gemologist's Guide | Order Page

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Cover small

    Introducing…

    Jade • A Gemologist's Guide

    edited by

    Richard W. Hughes

    featuring contributions from…

    Ahmadjan Abduriyim • Dale Blankenship • George E. Harlow • Eric J. Hoffman • E. Billie Hughes • Richard W. Hughes • Jiang “Chris” Chenglong • John I. Koivula • Nikolai Kouznetsov • Liu Yicen • Kirk Makepeace • Jeff Mason • Dominic W.K. Mok • Qi Lijian • Mary Lou Ridinger • Donn Salt • Roland Schluessel • Andrew Shaw • Shi Guanghai • Susan Stronge • Wang Mingying • Stewart Young • Zhou "Adam" Zhengyu
    with…
    Rudolph I. Estrada • Tao Hsu • Jason C.H. Kao • Michael S. Krzemnicki • William F. Larson • Wim Vertriest


    Sponsored by the Houston Museum of Natural Science

     

    The study of jade is unlike that of any other gem, trespassing across conventional boundaries, particularly those of the gemological and mineralogical realm. Despite the march of mineralogical orthodoxy and conformity, the word “jade” is a fist in the air of protest, crying out not for further reduction and definition, but an expansion of the mineralogical canon to include the cultural aspects of human civilization and life. Because jade is so much more than a simple census of atoms, valence states, and places of residence. Jade is a lexicon liberator.

    While the literature on jade is vast, perhaps greater than any other gem, there is a distinct lack of a volume in English that treats jade as a gemological material. This book is designed to fill that gap, with extensive information on the history, sources, appraisal and identification of both treated and imitation jades. All of this is together in a single volume for the first time, making it a must-have for collectors, dealers, gemologists, appraisers, curators and anyone else with an interest in this fascinating gem.

    An understanding of jade is not limited to the technical or exacting; it also incorporates a feeling for the cultural, textural, and ephemeral qualities that make the study of this gem unlike any other. This volume will not just fill the “traditional gemological” gap, but will open readers’ eyes to a world beyond. Because jade is so much more…

    Publishing: 2022

    Standard Edition Hardcover with Dust Jacket
    US$200

    534 pages; 240 x 280 mm (9.45 x 11 inches), 2.75 kg (6 lb)
    Full Color Throughout

    Special Limited Edition of 100 Signed and Numbered Copies Bound in Thai Silk with Slipcase
    US$300 (Sold Out)

    Standard & Limited Editions: Sold Out

    Check out our coffee-table style book Inside Out.

     


     

    Title Page & Table of Contents

    Jade A Gemologists Guide title page

    Jade A Gemologists Guide table of contents

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Authors

    Sample Interior Spreads

     Jade A Gemologists Guide Conundrum

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Conundrum3

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Introduction

    Jade A Gemologists Guide History in China

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Geology

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Hetian

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Myanmar

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Mayan

    Jade A Gemologists Guide New Zealand

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Mughal

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Canada

    Jade A Gemologists Guide USA

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Russia

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Japan

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Archaic Identification

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Nephrite ID

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Jadeite ID

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Inclusions

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Jadeite Quality

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Auctions

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Carving History

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Modern Carving

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Symbolism Color

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Books

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Glossary

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Bibliography

    Jade A Gemologists Guide Index 

     

     

     

  • Book | Ruby & Sapphire | A Collector's Guide | 2014 | Order Page

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide

    Introducing…

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector’s Guide

    by Richard W. Hughes
    with photographs by Wimon Manorotkul and E. Billie Hughes

    This impressive coffee-table style volume takes readers into the secret world of ruby and sapphire, through the pen and lens of international expert, Richard Hughes. The author guides readers with the steady eye of a connoisseur, explaining what collectors should look for in ruby and sapphire. Many pictured pieces feature actual auction prices, aiding collectors in their buying decisions. Illustrated with more than 400 magnificent color photographs, for anyone with an interest in precious stones, this is a visual and intellectual feast of the most delicious order.

    Published 2014; Sold Out

    Hardcover with Dust Jacket
    384 pages; 240 x 280 mm (9.45 x 11 inches); 2.4 kg shipping weight
    Full Color Throughout

    Sold Out

    Check out our coffee-table style book Inside Out.


     

    Content

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Résumé

    1. Résumé

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Résumé

    History

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Source

    2. Source

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Source

    Geology

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Valley of Serpents

    Valley of Serpents

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Valley of Serpents

    Afghanistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Australia

    Australia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – India

    India

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Kenya

    Kenya

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Malawi

    Laos

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Madagascar

    Madagascar

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Malawi

    Malawi

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Mozambique

    Mozambique

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Myanmar

    Myanmar

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Nepal

    Nepal

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Nepal

    Pakistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Rwanda

    Rwanda

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Sri Lanka

    Sri Lanka

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Tajikistan

    Tajikistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Tanzania

    Tanzania

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Thailand & Cambodia

    Thailand & Cambodia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Thailand & Cambodia

    Thailand & Cambodia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Montana

    USA–Montana

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Vietnam

    Vietnam

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    3. Connoisseur

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    Cutting

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    From Pigeon's Blood to Peacock's Neck

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    Ruby & Sapphire Prices

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    Does Size Matter?

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Connoisseur

    The Tao of Jewelry

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    4. Forensic

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    Inner Space

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    Enhancements

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    Connoisseurship of Crystals

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    5. Heart

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    Gem Cutting in Thailand

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Forensic

    The Thai Jeweler's Art

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Library

    6. Library

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Library

    Library

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Library

    Library

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Portfolio

    7. Portfolio

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Portfolio

    Portfolio

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide – Index

    Index

     

  • Book | Ruby & Sapphire | A Gemologist's Guide | Order Page

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide

    Introducing…

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide

    by Richard W. Hughes
    with Wimon Manorotkul and E. Billie Hughes

    This massive volume is the most comprehensive book ever written on a single precious stone. Designed as a companion volume to Ruby & Sapphire: A Collector's Guide, it is aimed specifically at working gemologists, appraisers and students. Based on Richard W. Hughes' 1997 classic, Ruby & Sapphire, this edition is fully updated. The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience and research, it covers every aspect of the subject from A–Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. Ruby & Sapphire—A Gemologist’s Guide represents the definitive reference on the subject. With over 1000 photos, maps and illustrations and 3500 references, it is nothing less than a tour-de-force of gemological scholarship.

     

    Published 2017; Sold Out

    International Shipping & Handling from Thailand
    Ships via International Parcel Air (2-3 weeks)

    Hardcover with Dust Jacket
    816 pages; 240 x 280 mm (9.45 x 11 inches); 4.6 kg shipping weight
    Full Color Throughout

    Standard & Limited Editions: Sold Out

    Check out our coffee-table style book Inside Out.


     

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Gallery

    Gallery

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Gallery

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Gallery

     

    Title Page

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Title Page

     

    Contents

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Contents

     

    Contents

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Contents

     

    Introduction

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Introduction

     

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – History

    1. History

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – History

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – History

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Chemistry & Crystallography

    2. Chemistry & Crystallography

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Chemistry & Crystallography

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Chemistry & Crystallography

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Properties & Phenomena

    3. Properties & Phenomena

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Properties & Phenomena

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Properties & Phenomena

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Color, Spectra & Luminescence

    4. Color & Luminescence

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Color, Spectra & Luminescence

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Color, Spectra & Luminescence

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Inclusions

    5. Inclusions

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Inclusions

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Inclusions

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Treatments

    6. Treatments

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Treatments

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Treatments

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Synthetic Corundum

    7. Synthetic Corundum

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Synthetic Corundum

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Synthetic Corundum

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Assembled Stones

    8. Assembled Stones

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Assembled Stones

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Assembled Stones

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Methods of Fashioning

    9. Methods of Fashioning

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Methods of Fashioning

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Methods of Fashioning

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Judging Quality

    10. Judging Quality

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Judging Quality

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Judging Quality

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Geology

    11. Geology

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Geology

     

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Geology

     

     

    12. World Sources

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources

     

     

    Afghanistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Afghanistan

    Australia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Australia

    China

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: China

    Colombia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Colombia

    France & Greenland

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: France & Greenland

    India

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: India

    Kenya

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Kenya

    Laos

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Laos

    Madagascar

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Madagascar

    Malawi

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Malawi

    Mozambique

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Mozambique

    Myanmar

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Myanmar

    Nepal & Nigeria

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Nepal & Nigeria

    Pakistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Pakistan

    Rwanda

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Rwanda

    Sri Lanka

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Sri Lanka

    Tajikistan

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Tajikistan

    Tanzania

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Tanzania

    Thailand/Cambodia

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Thailand/Cambodia

    USA

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: USA

    Vietnam

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – World Sources: Vietnam

     

    Appendix A: Tagore's Mani-Mala

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Appendix A: Tagore's Mani-Mala

     
     

    Appendix B: Prices & ID Flow Charts

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Appendix B: Prices & ID Flow Charts

     
     

    Index

    Ruby & Sapphire: A Gemologist's Guide – Index

     

     

    Click on the icon to download a corrected Table of Contents and Errata sheet for the current volume (PDF).

    Errata

    A few comments from reviewers…

    Voilà un livre de poids, 735 pages et plus de 4 kg qui enrichira vos connaissances historiques comme scientifiques et gemmologiques. L' auteur, bien connu des gemmologues, nous offre un nouveau voyage dans l' univers des corindons. C' est un livre à regarder, approcher, toucher, feuilleter, découvrir enen l' ouvrant avec à la fois impatience et retenue, pour finalement s' y abandonner. C' est une leçon de vie, un livre-compagnon à déguster sans modération.

    Association Française de Gemmologie

     
     
     
  • Book Review | Imperial Jade of Burma & Mutton-Fat Jade of India | Lotus Gemology

    Book Review • Imperial Jade of Burma & Mutton-Fat Jade of India • Lotus Gemology

    Samuels, S.K. (2014) Imperial Jade of Burma and Mutton-Fat Jade of India: Mining, Trade, and Use from Antiquity to the Present. SKS Enterprises, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA, 248 pp. ISBN: 978-0-9725323-4-1

  • Burma's Jade Mines | An Annotated Occidental History

    Burma's Jade Mines • A History

    The history of Burma's jade mines, as seen through Western eyes, from the earliest accounts through World War II.

  • Burma’s Jade Mines | Tracing the Green Line

    Tracing the Green Line • A Journey to Burma’s Jade Mines

    In 1996, several gemologists set off for Burma's remote jade mines, the first visit by foreigners since the early 1960's. This is the story of their epic journey.

  • Burmese Jade | The Inscrutable Gem

    Burmese Jade  |  The Inscrutable Gem

    Myanmar's jadeite mines occupy a privileged place, representing the planet's principal source of fine jadeite jade. This article covers the deposits themselves, along with the cutting, grading and trading of jadeite.

  • Burmese Sapphire Giants

    Burmese Sapphire Giants

    A brief history of Burmese (Myanmar) sapphires, along with details of some of the major pieces of yore.

  • Jade | A Lifetime In Search of Heaven

    The story of Richard Hughes' four-decade adventure with jade, from Burma's jadeite mines to China's classic mutton-fat nephrite deposit at Hetian, Xinjiang Province. The work of China's modern jade carving masters is also discussed.

  • Jade Buying Guide | Jade Auction Records

    Jade Buying Guide • LotusGemology.com

    This article discusses the factors that influence quality and what to look for when buying both jadeite and nephrite. A list of jade auction records is also included.

  • Mogok Geology Primer | Rock Talk

    Rock talk  |  A Mogok Geology Primer

    A look at the geology of Myanmar's Mogok Stone Tract, home to pigeon's blood rubies and so much more…

  • Mogok Revisited | A Brief Stay in Heaven

    Mogok

    An account of a 2013 visit to Mogok – Myanmar's fairy-tale wonderland.

  • Oiled Gems Lab Alert • Lotus Gemology

    Oiled Gems Lab Alert • Lotus Gemology

    Lotus Gemology warns that oiled rubies, sapphires and spinels are entering the Bangkok wholesale market in increasing numbers. Most, but not all, of these gems are originating from Burma.

  • Pigeon's Blood | Pilgrimage to Mogok – Valley of Rubies

    Pigeon's Blood • A Pilgrimage to Mogok – Valley of Rubies

    The author makes his first pilgrimage to Burma's Mogok Stone Tract.

  • Ruby & Sapphire (Corundum) Inclusions | The Lotus Gemology Crystal Registry

    Corundum Inclusions • A Crystal Registry


    Solid inclusions have been used by gemologists as a means of determining origin. While there is a great deal of overlap from one source to another, there are also important differences. For example, while apatite has been identified in sapphire from Madagascar, Myanmar and Sri Lanka, apatite has never been identified in sapphire from Kashmir. Thus the purpose of this article is to give a full listing of solid inclusions in gem corundums from around the world, with each occurrence fully referenced. This is provided with the goal of making origin determination of ruby and sapphire more accurate.

  • Ruby & Sapphire Books | Collecting the Literature of Corundum | Hidden Treasure

    Ruby & Sapphire Books • Collecting the Literature of Ruby & Sapphire (Corundum) • Hidden Treasure

    A discussion of the literature of ruby and sapphire (corundum), with particular emphasis on the most collectible books covering ruby and sapphire around the world.

  • Ruby & Sapphire Color Types | From Peacock to Pigeon's Blood

    From Peacock to Pigeon's Blood: Deconstructing Lotus Color Types

    A brief description of the color types for ruby and sapphire used at Lotus Gemology.

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