Sapphire Inclusions
Explore sapphire inclusions in Hyperion, the Lotus Gemology inclusion database. Hyperion contains photomicrographs of inclusions and internal features in natural sapphire, documented with information on geographic origin, treatment, lighting conditions, field of view, photographer and published references.
Phlogopite mica crystals in an untreated sapphire from Sri Lanka.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-7349-1
A black graphite crystals is encapsulated in one of these negative crystals in an unheated Sri Lankan sapphire.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field + Diffuse Fiber Optic
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-7018-2
Roedder, E. (1962) Ancient fluids in crystals. Scientific American, Vol. 207, pp. 38–47; RWHL*.
Hughes, R.W. (1997) Ruby & Sapphire. Boulder, CO, RWH Publishing, 512 pp.; RWHL*.
Black graphite crystals are encapsulated in some of the negative crystals in this unheated Sri Lankan sapphire.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field + Diffuse Fiber Optic
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-7018-1
Roedder, E. (1962) Ancient fluids in crystals. Scientific American, Vol. 207, pp. 38–47; RWHL*.
Hughes, R.W. (1997) Ruby & Sapphire. Boulder, CO, RWH Publishing, 512 pp.; RWHL*.
Frozen gas bubble in a melted negative crystal in basaltic sapphire.
Natural Sapphire •
Nigeria •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
Patharaphum Sudprasert •
Image Number:
A-001-6887-1
Planes of iron-rich silk float above fine clouds in this sapphire from a basaltic environment.
Natural Sapphire •
Nigeria •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field + Diffuse Fiber Optic
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6845-1
Transparent birefringent crystals and heat-altered fingerprints in a sapphire of unknown origin.
Natural Sapphire •
Not Determinable •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field + Crossed Polars
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6792-1
A moire fingerprint forms a fine pattern in this untreated sapphire from Sri Lanka.
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6769-1
A slightly corroded crystal floats the blue sea of a Madagascar blue sapphire.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Diffuse Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6746-1
Kashmir sapphires are unique in that the skin of many crystals feature deep blue spots of color, like spots on a leopard’s back. These are sometimes incorporated into finished stones, where they will be found just below the surface.
Natural Sapphire •
India (Kashmir) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field + Parallel Polars
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
R-001-6625-1
Small angular blue spots just beneath the surface of a Kashmir sapphire. Rough Kashmir sapphires are quite unusual in that they also display these intense blue spots on the surface.
Natural Sapphire •
India (Kashmir) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6605-2
Small angular blue spots just beneath the surface of a Kashmir sapphire. Rough Kashmir sapphires are quite unusual in that they also display these intense blue spots on the surface.
Natural Sapphire •
India (Kashmir) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Diffuse Oblique
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-001-6605-1
Ghost-like low relief crystals become iridescent when viewed between crossed polars.
Natural Sapphire •
Not Determinable •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field + Crossed Polars
Photographer:
Patharaphum Sudprasert •
Image Number:
A-001-6562-3
Search the Complete Hyperion Database
Sapphire inclusions may include mineral crystals, rutile silk, healed fissures, fluid inclusions, negative crystals, color zoning and other features formed during or after crystal growth. Such features are important to gemologists because they can provide evidence useful in identifying sapphire, understanding its geological history, recognizing treatment and, in some cases, determining geographic origin.
Sapphire Inclusion Photomicrographs
The Hyperion sapphire gallery includes microscopic features found in sapphires from major deposits around the world. Each entry is accompanied by descriptive information and, where available, references to the gemological literature.
What Inclusions Can Reveal About Sapphire
Inclusions are an important part of sapphire identification. Their form, composition, orientation and alteration can help gemologists distinguish natural sapphire from synthetic material, recognize evidence of heat treatment, and study the geological environment in which the sapphire formed.
Hyperion combines inclusion photomicrography with supporting gemological information so that individual features can be compared with documented examples from known sapphire deposits.
About Hyperion
Hyperion is the Lotus Gemology searchable inclusion database. It allows users to browse gemstone inclusions by gem type, geographic origin, treatment and keyword.
