Sapphire Inclusions
Explore sapphire inclusions in Hyperion, the Lotus Gemology inclusion database. Hyperion contains photomicrographs of inclusions and internal features in natural sapphire, documented with information on geographic origin, treatment, lighting conditions, field of view, photographer and published references.
Tourmaline (lower luster) and primary rutile (metallic luster) crystals included in a trapiche sapphire from Batakundi, Pakistan; they were identified using Lotus Gemology’s micro Raman unit. FOV 2 mm
Natural Trapiche Sapphire •
Pakistan (Kashmir); Batakundi •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2998-1
Fingerprint in untreated Mogok sapphire; note the vertical striations visible on the liquid channels; FOV 4 mm
Natural Sapphire •
Myanmar (Burma); Mogok •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Diffuse Oblique
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-3031-1
Roedder, E. (1962) Ancient fluids in crystals. Scientific American, Vol. 207, pp. 38–47; RWHL*.
This bright orange sapphire shows no evidence of heat treatment in the microscope, but the chalky zoned shortwave ultraviolet fluorescence quickly unmasks the fact that the stone had been heated.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Ultraviolet: Shortwave
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2872-2
This bright orange sapphire shows no evidence of heat treatment in the microscope, but the chalky zoned shortwave ultraviolet fluorescence quickly unmasks the fact that the stone had been heated.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Ultraviolet: Shortwave
Photographer:
Richard W. Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2872-1
Rose channels (formerly thought to be boehmite needles) forming Star of David pattern in a flux healed Greenland pink sapphire. FOV ~2.5 mm
Natural Sapphire •
Greenland •
Enhancements:
Heat + Fissure Healing (H-FH); Heat + Glass Cavity/Fissure Filling (H-GF2) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2746-2
Rose channels (formerly thought to be boehmite needles) forming Star of David pattern in a flux healed Greenland pink sapphire.
Natural Sapphire •
Greenland •
Enhancements:
Heat + Fissure Healing (H-FH); Heat + Glass Cavity/Fissure Filling (H-GF2) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2746-1
Melted crystal with frozen bubble in sapphire. When a gem is heated, included crystals may melt and cool into a glass. Because the glass takes up less volume than the previous solid crystal, a contraction bubble forms in the glass; FOV ~2.5 mm
Natural Sapphire •
Not Determinable •
Enhancements:
Heat (H) •
Lighting Conditions:
Dark Field + Shadowing
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2676-1
Abraded facet junctions on an untreated Sri Lanka sapphire. According to Robert Webster’s “Gems” (1st edition, 1962, p. 66): “Corundum is a hard stone, indeed the impure material is used as an abrasive, and is rated 9 on the scale of hardness devised by F. Mohs. Despite the hardness of the mineral, however, ruby and sapphire need to be handled with some care, for they are to a slight extent brittle and if dropped on a hard surface or given a sharp blow tend to develop internal flaws and cracks.”
Natural Sapphire •
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Overhead
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
R-003-2383-1
Webster, Robert (1962) Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification. London: Butterworths, 792 pp., RWHL*
Apatite crystal (ID’d with Lotus Gemology’s micro Raman) in sapphire; FOV 3 mm
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field + Fiber Optic
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2352-2
We noticed a transparent birefringent crystal in this blue sapphire from Madagascar. Its luster was lower than the sapphire, indicating a lower RI than the host. Testing with Lotus Gemology’s micro Raman revealed it to be grandidierite. This is the first discovery of grandidierite in corundum.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field + Crossed Polars
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2230-3
We noticed a transparent birefringent crystal in this blue sapphire from Madagascar. Its luster was lower than the sapphire, indicating a lower RI than the host. Testing with Lotus Gemology’s micro Raman revealed it to be grandidierite. This is the first discovery of grandidierite in corundum.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Diffuse Light Field (Transmitted Light)
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2230-2
We noticed a transparent birefringent crystal in this blue sapphire from Madagascar. Its luster was lower than the sapphire, indicating a lower RI than the host. Testing with Lotus Gemology’s micro Raman revealed it to be grandidierite. This is the first discovery of grandidierite in corundum.
Natural Sapphire •
Madagascar •
Enhancements:
None Detected (None) •
Lighting Conditions:
Fiber Optic: Diffuse Overhead
Photographer:
E. Billie Hughes •
Image Number:
A-003-2230-1
Search the Complete Hyperion Database
Sapphire inclusions may include mineral crystals, rutile silk, healed fissures, fluid inclusions, negative crystals, color zoning and other features formed during or after crystal growth. Such features are important to gemologists because they can provide evidence useful in identifying sapphire, understanding its geological history, recognizing treatment and, in some cases, determining geographic origin.
Sapphire Inclusion Photomicrographs
The Hyperion sapphire gallery includes microscopic features found in sapphires from major deposits around the world. Each entry is accompanied by descriptive information and, where available, references to the gemological literature.
What Inclusions Can Reveal About Sapphire
Inclusions are an important part of sapphire identification. Their form, composition, orientation and alteration can help gemologists distinguish natural sapphire from synthetic material, recognize evidence of heat treatment, and study the geological environment in which the sapphire formed.
Hyperion combines inclusion photomicrography with supporting gemological information so that individual features can be compared with documented examples from known sapphire deposits.
About Hyperion
Hyperion is the Lotus Gemology searchable inclusion database. It allows users to browse gemstone inclusions by gem type, geographic origin, treatment and keyword.
